Robles v. Domino's
Robles v. Domino's Pizza — ADA Web Accessibility (foundational for AI accessibility claims)
9th Cir. · Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122
- Status
- In effect
- Took effect
- October 7, 2019
- Applies to
- Businesses operating public-accommodation websites or AI interfaces
While predating modern generative AI, the Ninth Circuit's 2019 Robles v. Domino's ruling — followed by Supreme Court cert. denial — established that ADA Title III applies to web and mobile apps that interact with brick-and-mortar services. The decision is now the doctrinal anchor for AI chatbot and voice-assistant accessibility claims.
Who is protected: Disabled users of websites, apps, AI chatbots, and voice assistants
Legal detail
Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122 (2019). Held: ADA Title III covers websites and mobile apps connected to physical places of public accommodation; lack of clear DOJ rules does not defeat the duty.
Key facts
| Jurisdiction | 9th Cir. |
|---|---|
| Level | Federal |
| Strength | Moderate |
| Citation | Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122 |
| Topics | consumer protection · AI disclosure and transparency |
| Court record | Robles v. Domino's — CourtListener 9th Cir. opinion |
Related consumer protection rules elsewhere
- Missouri AI Therapy Chatbot Ban (SB 1019) · In effect
- Vermont Data Broker Law (H.211) · Enacted (not yet in effect)
- Arkansas Frank Broyles Act AI amendment — voice and likeness protection (2025) · In effect
- PA v. Character.AI (Fake Psychiatrist Chatbot) · Blocked / in litigation
- NAACP v. xAI (Colossus 2 Air Pollution) · Blocked / in litigation
- RI Therapy Chatbot Ban (2026) · In effect
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