Nonconsensual intimate image laws by state
AI Laws USA tracks 62 U.S. AI rules on non-consensual intimate imagery across federal, state, county, and city government. Each entry links to its official source.
Federal non-consensual intimate imagery rules (2)
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In effect
TAKE IT DOWN Act
United States · Effective May 19, 2025 · Pub. L. No. 119-12 (S. 146)
Makes it a federal crime to knowingly publish intimate images of someone without consent, including AI-generated deepfakes. Social media and similar platforms must give victims a way to request removal and must take the content (and known copies) down within 48 hours. The platform removal requirement became enforceable May 19, 2026, and the FTC has already begun enforcement.
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Proposed / pending
DEFIANCE Act (deepfake-porn civil suits)
United States · S. 1837, 119th Cong. (DEFIANCE Act)
This bill would let victims of sexually explicit AI deepfakes sue the people who create or share them, with damages starting around $150,000. The Senate passed it unanimously on January 13, 2026 — the second time it has done so — but as of June 2026 it is still awaiting action in the House and is not yet law.
State non-consensual intimate imagery rules (60)
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In effect
PR Ley 163-2026 / P. del S. 441 (Image Rights)
Puerto Rico · Effective August 3, 2026 · Ley 163-2026 (P. del S. 441, 19th Leg. Assembly); signed August 3, 2026
Puerto Rico Law 163-2026 (P. del S. 441) expands the island's right-of-image statute (Law 139-2011) to expressly cover AI-generated deepfakes and voice clones. Creates civil causes of action when someone's appearance, voice, gestures, movements, or other identifiable attributes are synthetically generated, cloned, simulated, or altered without consent. Signed by Governor Jenniffer González Colón on August 3, 2026.
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In effect
Illinois HB 3851 — deepfake cyberbullying in schools (2026)
Illinois · Effective July 1, 2026 · Ill. H.B. 3851, 104th Gen. Assemb. (eff. July 1, 2026) (amending the Ill. School Code)
Illinois has written AI deepfakes into the part of the School Code that governs bullying. Under House Bill 3851, signed in August 2025 and effective July 1, 2026, the statutory definition of 'cyber-bullying' now includes posting or distributing an unauthorized digital replica of a student by electronic means. A digital replica means an AI-generated or electronically altered representation of a person's voice, image or likeness; it is unauthorized when the depicted person did not consent. The law also makes explicit that bullying includes posting or distributing sexually explicit images. The practical effect is jurisdictional: school districts can now act on deepfake incidents under their bullying policies, rather than being left to argue about whether an AI-generated image of a student counts as bullying at all. The change applies from the 2026-2027 school year, and districts across Illinois had to update their policies and procedures to match. Alongside it, the Illinois State Board of Education was required to develop statewide guidance on artificial intelligence in schools by July 1, 2026, expected to cover AI-generated false representations of individuals. The problem is not hypothetical: a 2024 Center for Democracy & Technology survey found 40% of K-12 public school students knew of a deepfake involving someone at their school, and 15% knew of a sexually explicit deepfake depicting a member of their school community, while more than 60% of teachers said their school had not shared any policy on AI-generated sexual imagery.
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In effect
NY S5959-D (2020, digital replicas + deepfake porn)
NY · Effective May 29, 2021 · Ch. 304 of 2020 (S5959-D); N.Y. Civ. Rights Law §§ 50-f, 52-c
Signed by Governor Cuomo on November 30, 2020, NY S5959-D was the first state law to (1) extend right of publicity to digital replicas of deceased personalities for 40 years, and (2) create a private right of action against unlawful publication of sexually explicit deepfakes. Landmark precedent — direct ancestor of CA AB 1836 (2024) and NY's 2023-2025 digital-replica laws.
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Enacted (not yet in effect)
Utah HB 276 Voyeurism Act (AI counterfeit intimate images / NCII)
Utah · Effective January 1, 2027 · Utah Code 13-72b-101 to -401 (H.B. 276, 2026)
This part of Utah's AI Modifications law targets AI-generated counterfeit intimate images. An online 'generation service' that lets users create images and then distributes a counterfeit intimate image of an identifiable person without consent violates that person's privacy. Generation services must warn users and get a safe harbor with a written policy and safeguards. Platforms that host content may not knowingly allow distribution of nonconsensual counterfeit intimate images and must run notice-and-takedown procedures aligned with the federal Take It Down Act (48-hour removal). Victims can sue for injunctions, actual and punitive damages, and attorney fees.
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In effect
KS Synthetic CSAM Law
Kansas · Effective July 1, 2026 · KS HB 2183, 2025-26 Reg. Sess., approved by Governor Feb. 5, 2026, eff. July 1, 2026
Kansas updated its child sexual exploitation and privacy statutes to prohibit creation and distribution of visual depictions where the person depicted is indistinguishable from a real child, including AI-generated and morphed imagery. The law also addresses unlawful transmission of such visual depictions and breach of privacy. Signed by the governor February 5, 2026; took effect July 1, 2026 as part of the 124-law Kansas effective date batch.
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In effect
Kansas HB 2479 (AI images in blackmail law)
Kansas · Effective April 9, 2026 · 2026 Kan. HB 2479, amending K.S.A. 21-5428 (blackmail)
Kansas's blackmail law now expressly covers threats to release a nude or sexual image, video, or recording of an identifiable person even when that depiction was made or altered by artificial intelligence. It applies whether or not the person was involved in producing any original image, so threatening someone with an AI-generated 'deepfake' of them can be prosecuted as blackmail. Existing criminal penalties for blackmail apply.
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In effect
Kansas HB 2537 'Caleb's Law' (AI sextortion)
Kansas · Effective April 6, 2026 · 2026 Kan. HB 2537 ('Caleb's Law'), amending K.S.A. 21-5515 (sexual extortion)
Kansas's sexual-extortion statute now defines the covered 'image, video, or other recording' to include any depiction created, altered, or modified by artificial intelligence to appear to show a person, whether or not that person was part of any original recording. This means demands or threats backed by AI-fabricated sexual imagery fall within the crime of sexual extortion. The same act, known as 'Caleb's Law,' also raises penalties when an adult offender targets a victim under 18 or a dependent adult and creates aggravated sexual-extortion offenses.
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In effect
OK AI Revenge Porn Law
Oklahoma · Effective November 1, 2025 · Okla. HB 1364, 60th Leg., 1st Sess. (2025), eff. Nov. 1, 2025
Oklahoma makes it a crime to knowingly or recklessly share AI-generated sexually explicit images of another person without their consent and with intent to cause harm. Violations can be charged as a misdemeanor or felony depending on circumstances. Exceptions exist for journalism, law enforcement, and platform liability is limited.
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In effect
NV NCII Deepfake Law
Nevada · Effective October 1, 2025 · 2025 Nev. Stat. (SB 213); NRS 200.780
Nevada expanded its intimate-images law to explicitly cover AI-generated and digitally manipulated images — anything that could reasonably be mistaken for a real depiction of the person, whether or not their actual image was used. Knowing distribution is a Category D felony (1–4 years).
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In effect
Montana HB 514 (sextortion deepfakes in privacy crime)
Montana · Effective October 1, 2025 · Mont. HB 514 (2025) (Ch. 686); MCA 45-8-213
Montana expanded its existing 'privacy in communications' crime to cover real or AI-fabricated sexual images. It is now an offense to publish or distribute such images of an identifiable person without consent to harass or harm them or to obtain money, and separately to possess such images and threaten to release them to extort money or other valuables.
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In effect
Ohio AI Fabricated Sexual Images Law
Ohio · Effective September 30, 2025 · ORC § 2917.211 (amended by 2025 Ohio HB 96); ORC § 2307.66
Ohio amended its nonconsensual-image law in September 2025 to expressly cover AI-generated and digitally fabricated sexual images — prohibiting both distributing AND creating them without the depicted person's consent. First offenses are fourth-degree felonies, escalating for repeat offenders. Victims may sue for compensatory and punitive damages plus attorney's fees.
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In effect
AZ Synthetic Intimate Images Law (SB1462)
Arizona · Effective September 26, 2025 · Ariz. Rev. Stat. Sec. 13-1425 (as amended by SB1462, ch. 106, 2025)
Arizona amended its law against the unlawful disclosure of intimate images so that it covers realistic, computer-generated or AI-altered depictions, not just real photographs or recordings. The definition of a covered image now includes a realistic pictorial representation that is made or modified to appear to be an actual identifiable person in a state of nudity or sexual activity that never actually occurred. For computer-generated depictions, the depicted person does not need to have had a reasonable expectation of privacy for the disclosure to be unlawful.
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In effect
ME AI Private Images Law
Maine · Effective September 24, 2025 · Me. LD 1944 / HP 1303 (132nd Leg., 1st Spec. Sess.); P.L. 2025, ch. 400; 17-A M.R.S. § 511-A
Maine expanded its unauthorized-private-images ("revenge porn") crime to explicitly cover artificially generated/AI-made intimate images of real people, and lets people seek protection-from-abuse or harassment orders when someone threatens to release such images. Unauthorized dissemination is a Class D crime (up to one year, $2,000).
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In effect
Texas SB 441 (deepfake NCII crime + website/AI-app/payment-processor liability)
Texas · Effective September 1, 2025 · Tex. S.B. 441, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025); amending Tex. Penal Code 21.165 and Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ch. 98B (adding 98B.0021, 98B.0022, 98B.008, 98B.009); eff. Sept. 1, 2025
This Texas law makes it a crime to knowingly create or share, without consent, AI-generated or otherwise manipulated deepfake images that falsely depict a real person with computer-generated intimate parts or engaged in sexual conduct they never performed, and bans threatening to do so. It also lets victims sue the people who made or spread such artificial intimate visual material, and extends that liability to owners of websites, social platforms, AI 'nudification' apps, or payment systems that knowingly or recklessly facilitate the content. Covered websites and apps must offer an easy removal-request tool and can be liable if they fail to take material down within 72 hours of a depicted person's request. Victims may sue using a confidential identity and have up to 10 years to file.
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In effect
Michigan Intimate Deep Fakes Act
Michigan · Effective August 26, 2025 · 2025 Mich. Pub. Acts 10–11 (HB 4047–4048)
Michigan makes it a crime to create or distribute AI-generated sexually explicit images of a real, identifiable person without their consent. First offenses carry up to one year in jail and a $3,000 fine; aggravated violations (posting online, extortion, prior conviction) escalate to a felony with up to three years. Victims may also sue for damages, injunctions, and up to $1,000/day for violating a restraining order.
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In effect
CO Intimate Digital Depictions Act (SB25-288)
Colorado · Effective August 6, 2025 · Colo. SB 25-288 (2025); see also Colo. Rev. Stat. Secs. 18-6-403, 13-21-1401 et seq.
Colorado expanded its sexual exploitation of a child statute so that realistic computer-generated or digitally created depictions of an identifiable child count as child sexually exploitative material, even when no real child was photographed. The same act creates a civil cause of action allowing a person to sue someone who discloses, or threatens to disclose, a nonconsensual intimate digital depiction (including AI-generated or edited imagery). Courts can grant restraining orders and injunctive relief, and prevailing plaintiffs can recover substantial damages.
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In effect
ND Sexually Explicit Deepfake Law
North Dakota · Effective August 1, 2025 · 2025 ND HB 1351; NDCC §§ 12.1-27.1-01(13), -03.3
North Dakota makes it a Class A misdemeanor to create, possess, or distribute nonconsensual sexually explicit deepfakes — including computer-generated intimate imagery. Victims can sue for up to $10,000 in statutory damages plus any profits the offender made.
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In effect
RI Synthetic Intimate Imagery Law
Rhode Island · Effective July 2, 2025 · 2025 RI H5046 / S0136
Rhode Island updated its unauthorized-image ("revenge porn") statute to explicitly criminalize sexually explicit images that were created by a digital device or AI — i.e., synthetic nudes and explicit deepfakes of real people — making nonconsensual creation and distribution a crime. Signed into law July 2, 2025.
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In effect
MD NCII Deepfake Law
Maryland · Effective July 1, 2025 · 2025 Md. Laws Ch. 219 (SB 360); Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 3-809
Maryland expanded its revenge-porn statute to explicitly cover AI-generated deepfake intimate images — computer-generated likenesses indistinguishable from real persons. Victims get criminal remedies (up to 2 years, $5,000) and a new civil cause of action. Passed 47-0 and 140-0.
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In effect
NE Synthetic NCII Civil Remedy
Nebraska · Effective May 30, 2025 · Neb. LB 371, 109th Leg., 1st Sess. (2025), approved May 30, 2025
Nebraska extended its existing civil remedies act for unauthorized disclosure of intimate images to explicitly cover computer-generated or digitally manipulated depictions, including AI deepfakes. Victims can sue civilly when AI-fabricated intimate imagery is shared without consent. The bill passed 49-0.
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In effect
SC AI CSAM / Deepfake Laws
South Carolina · Effective May 27, 2025 · SC S.28, Act No. 57; SC S.29, Act No. 58 (2025), 126th Gen. Assembly, enacted May 27, 2025
South Carolina enacted two companion laws in May 2025 to criminalize AI-generated child sexual abuse material. Act 57 (S.28) closes loopholes excluding AI-generated CSAM from existing child exploitation statutes. Act 58 (S.29) creates a new felony offense for 'obscene visual representation of a minor,' covering wholly computer-generated sexual depictions where no real child exists.
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In effect
Montana SB 413 (crime to share explicit deepfakes)
Montana · Effective May 12, 2025 · Mont. SB 413 (2025), Ch. 606; MCA Title 45, ch. 5, part 6
Montana created a new crime for sharing sexually explicit deepfakes (AI-generated or altered images and video) of a real, identifiable person. It is illegal to knowingly disclose such media when you know the person did not consent and that the disclosure would cause them serious emotional distress, to disclose it intending to harass or harm the person, or to possess it and threaten to release it to extort money or other things of value.
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In effect
Arkansas Deepfake Sexual Content Act
Arkansas · Effective April 17, 2025 · 2025 Ark. Acts 827 (HB 1529)
Arkansas criminalizes creating or distributing deepfake sexual imagery — AI-generated or digitally manipulated images that appear authentic and depict an identifiable person in nudity or sexual conduct without consent. First offense is a Class A misdemeanor, repeats are felonies; victims can sue for punitive damages, and the Attorney General can sue platforms that lack reasonable safeguards against generating this content.
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In effect
NJ Deceptive AI Deepfakes Act
New Jersey · Effective April 2, 2025 · P.L.2025, c.40 (N.J. A3540/S2544)
New Jersey's deepfake law makes it a crime to create or use deceptive AI-generated audio or video to commit or further any crime. Making such media is a third-degree crime that can carry fines up to $30,000, and knowingly or recklessly sharing it is a fourth-degree crime. Victims can sue for at least $1,000 per violation plus punitive damages and legal fees. Satire, parody, news reporting, teaching and research are exempt.
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In effect
NH Deepfake Law (HB 1432)
New Hampshire · Effective January 1, 2025 · 2024 NH Laws ch. 243; RSA 638:26-a; RSA 507:8-n
New Hampshire makes it a Class B felony to knowingly create, distribute, or present a deepfake with intent to embarrass, harass, defame, extort, or cause financial or reputational harm — and it was the first state law to create a private right of action specifically for deepfake victims. Satire, parody, and news reporting are exempt.
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In effect
California SB 981 (platforms must let users report & remove deepfake nudes)
California · Effective January 1, 2025 · Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Ch. 22.7 (SB 981, Stats. 2024)
Social media platforms must give California users a clear way to report sexually explicit images or videos of themselves that were created or altered through digitization without their consent. Once reported, the platform must temporarily block the material while it investigates, and remove it if it finds a reasonable basis to believe it is this kind of nonconsensual digital fake. The framing covers synthetic and AI-altered intimate imagery, not just real photos.
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In effect
California SB 926 (crime to create & share realistic fake nudes of real people)
California · Effective January 1, 2025 · Cal. Penal Code 647 (SB 926, Stats. 2024)
California extends its criminal ban on distributing private intimate images to cover digitally fabricated ones. It is now a crime for an adult to intentionally create and distribute a sexually explicit image of an identifiable person made to look authentic, when the distributor knows or should know it will cause that person serious emotional distress and the person in fact suffers that distress. This closes a gap that left realistic AI-generated fakes outside the existing intimate-image law.
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In effect
PA Deepfake/CSAM Law (Act 125)
Pennsylvania · Effective December 28, 2024 · 2024 Pa. Laws Act 125 (SB 1213); 18 Pa. C.S. §§ 3131, 6312
Pennsylvania criminalized creating and distributing sexual deepfakes of any person, and classified AI-generated sexual depictions of minors as child sexual abuse material. The Attorney General has already charged people under this law.
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In effect
NC HB 591 (AI CSAM, deepfake intimate images & sextortion)
North Carolina · Effective December 1, 2024 · N.C. Sess. Law 2024-37 (H.B. 591); N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-190.13, 14-202.7, 14-190.5A
North Carolina updated its sex-crime laws so that sexually exploitative images of children count even when they are digital or computer-generated, including depictions built, altered, or modified with technology such as algorithms or artificial intelligence. The law also makes it a crime to use someone's private sexual image, including an AI-generated one, as leverage: threatening to release such an image, or refusing to delete one already released, in order to pressure a person is treated as sexual extortion. It likewise extends the ban on sharing intimate images without consent to AI-generated intimate images.
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In effect
Delaware Deepfake Intimate-Images Act
Delaware · Effective October 9, 2024 · Del. H.B. 353, 152nd Gen. Assemb. (2024) (amending 10 & 11 Del. C.)
This law extends Delaware's protections against the non-consensual sharing of intimate images to cover deepfakes — digitally created or altered images that falsely depict an identifiable real person nude or engaged in sexual conduct. Victims can pursue the same civil remedies available for the unauthorized disclosure of real intimate images, and offenders can face criminal charges under the state's privacy-violation laws. When an adult creates a sexual or nude depiction of a minor, the conduct is treated as a felony rather than a misdemeanor. The measure is also known as the Amelia Kramer Act.
- 30 more
- Alabama Synthetic Private Images Law · Alabama · In effect
- MA Digitized Intimate-Images Law (deepfake NCII) · Massachusetts · In effect
- Louisiana AI Intimate-Image Law (R.S. 14:73.14) · Louisiana · In effect
- Iowa Synthetic Intimate Content Law · Iowa · In effect
- ID Synthetic NCII Law · Idaho · In effect
- WY NCII Deepfake Law · Wyoming · In effect
- Vermont NCII Deepfake Law · Vermont · In effect
- IN NCII Deepfake Law · Indiana · In effect
- Washington HB 1999 (criminalizes AI/fabricated CSAM and nonconsensual fake intimate images) · Washington · In effect
- Utah H.B. 148 (computer-generated CSAM & intimate images count as illegal) · Utah · In effect
- SD AI CSAM Law · South Dakota · In effect
- New York S1042A (bans sharing deepfake intimate images) · New York · In effect
- TX SB 1361 — Deepfake Intimate Video · Texas · In effect
- MN Deepfake Law · Minnesota · In effect
- LA Unlawful Deepfakes Law · Louisiana · In effect
- GA Synthetic NCII Transmission Law · Georgia · In effect
- Wyo. Stat. 6-4-306 (revenge-porn law covers computer-generated images) · Wyoming · In effect
- HI SB 309 (deepfake intimate-image crime) · Hawaii · In effect
- AB 602 (Deepfake Intimate Images) · California · In effect
- Virginia HB 2678 (deepfake nude/explicit images become a crime) · Virginia · In effect
- Arizona HB 2133 deepfake sexual content — vetoed 2026 · Arizona · Vetoed
- WV Fabricated Intimate Images Law · West Virginia · In effect
- Missouri Deepfake & Digital Media Protection Act · Missouri · Proposed / pending
- New York Deepfake Harassment and NCII Civil Action Act · New York · Proposed / pending
- New York Deepfake Harassment and NCII Civil Action Act (Assembly) · New York · Proposed / pending
- North Carolina AI Regulatory Reform Act (Deepfake/NCII Provisions) · North Carolina · Proposed / pending
- Guam Bill 171-38 (NCII / Deepfakes) · Guam · Proposed / pending
- PR P. del S. 760 (AI Deepfake NCII) · Puerto Rico · Proposed / pending
- Missouri Taylor Swift Act (SB 1117) · Missouri · Expired
- Alaska AI-CSAM and Deepfake Criminalization Act · Alaska · Expired