U.S. AI Laws: deepfakes
As of 2026-08-12, AI Laws USA tracks 153 U.S. AI rules on deepfakes across federal, state, county, and city government. Each entry links to its official source.
Federal deepfakes rules (23)
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In effect
TAKE IT DOWN Act
United States · Effective 2025-05-19 · Pub. L. No. 119-12 (S. 146)
Makes it a federal crime to knowingly publish intimate images of someone without consent, including AI-generated deepfakes. Social media and similar platforms must give victims a way to request removal and must take the content (and known copies) down within 48 hours. The platform removal requirement became enforceable May 19, 2026, and the FTC has already begun enforcement.
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In effect
FTC Impersonation Rule (AI)
United States · Effective 2024-04-01 · 16 C.F.R. Part 461; 89 Fed. Reg. 15017
The FTC's Impersonation Rule lets the agency directly sue scammers who pretend to be a government agency or a real business — including those who use AI-cloned voices or generated images to do so. Civil penalties can reach $53,088 per violation. The FTC also issued a supplemental notice in February 2024 proposing to extend the rule to all individual impersonation.
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In effect
TCPA (AI voice calls)
United States · Effective 2024-02-08 · 47 U.S.C. § 227; FCC 24-17
Robocalls using AI-cloned or AI-generated voices are treated like other 'artificial voice' calls: callers need your prior express consent, must identify themselves, and must offer opt-outs for telemarketing. You can personally sue violators for $500 to $1,500 per illegal call.
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In effect
Doe v. X.AI (Grok NCII deepfakes class action)
United States · Effective 2026-01-23 · Doe v. X.AI Corp., No. 5:26-cv-00772 (N.D. Cal., filed Jan. 23, 2026); amended complaint July 7, 2026
A class action filed January 23, 2026 in the Northern District of California (Case No. 5:26-cv-00772) alleges that X.AI's Grok AI model generated over three million sexualized deepfake images in an 11-day period, including images of minors. An amended complaint filed July 7, 2026 added Stability AI as a co-defendant and two new plaintiffs, including one who alleges approximately 7,000 child sexual abuse material (CSAM) images were generated of them. Claims include product liability, negligence, public nuisance, and privacy violations. A companion case (Doe 1 v. X.AI Corp., No. 5:26-cv-02246) was filed March 16, 2026. Note: X.AI Corp. has rebranded to SpaceXAI following its merger with SpaceX.
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In effect
FinCEN deepfake-fraud BSA alert
United States · Effective 2024-11-13 · FinCEN Alert FIN-2024-Alert004 (Nov. 13, 2024)
FinCEN issued an alert telling banks and other financial institutions how to spot — and report — fraud schemes that use generative-AI deepfakes to defeat identity verification. Suspicious activity reports must use the SAR keyword 'FIN-2024-DEEPFAKEFRAUD' so FinCEN can track the trend in synthetic identity and account-takeover fraud.
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In effect
DOJ AI-fraud sentencing guidance
United States · Effective 2024-09-23 · DOJ Criminal Division ECCP (Sept. 23, 2024); Deputy AG Lisa Monaco, ABA White Collar Conf. (Mar. 5, 2024)
The Justice Department updated its corporate compliance guidance in September 2024 to require companies to assess and mitigate AI-related risks, and Deputy AG Lisa Monaco announced in March 2024 that DOJ will seek stiffer sentences when AI is used to commit fraud — treating AI as an aggravating factor.
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In effect
FCC Lingo Telecom Biden deepfake fine
United States · Effective 2024-08-21 · FCC Consent Decree, DA 24-823 (Aug. 21, 2024)
The FCC fined voice provider Lingo Telecom $1 million for carrying AI-generated robocalls that used a cloned voice of President Biden to suppress votes in the January 2024 New Hampshire primary. It was the first FCC enforcement action against a carrier for transmitting AI deepfake robocalls.
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Blocked / in litigation
Lehrman v. Lovo
S.D.N.Y. · Effective 2024-05-16 · Lehrman v. Lovo, Inc., No. 1:24-cv-03770 (S.D.N.Y.)
Voice actors Paul Lehrman and Linnea Sage sued AI voice-cloning startup Lovo, alleging Lovo cloned their voices through deceptive Fiverr commissions and resold the clones without consent. The case is the highest-profile U.S. voice-cloning right-of-publicity action and was certified in part in 2025.
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Blocked / in litigation
xAI v. Harwood (Grok NCII Counter-Suit 2026)
United States · Effective 2026-07-14 · xAI Corp. v. Terry Harwood, N.D. Tex. (Dallas Div.), filed July 14, 2026
xAI Corp. (the company behind the Grok AI chatbot, formerly operating as 'X.AI') filed a civil lawsuit on July 14, 2026 in the Northern District of Texas against Terry Harwood, a South Carolina man. The lawsuit alleges Harwood opened two Grok accounts between December 8, 2025 and February 18, 2026, uploading non-sexual photos of adults and minors and manipulating Grok into generating sexually explicit deepfake images — bypassing the system's safety guardrails. xAI seeks unspecified monetary damages and a permanent ban on Harwood from all xAI products. Harwood was separately arrested on February 26, 2026 on criminal charges of sexual exploitation of a minor. The case is notable as one of the first civil lawsuits filed by an AI company against a user for misusing the AI system to generate harmful content, rather than the more common pattern of a victim suing the AI company. xAI disclosed it suspended 52,222 accounts and filed 73,604 NCMEC reports related to Grok deepfake abuse in 2026, leading to at least 244 arrests.
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In effect
FBI 2024 Elder Fraud Report
United States · Effective 2025-04-29 · FBI IC3 2024 Elder Fraud Report (Apr. 29, 2025)
The FBI's annual Elder Fraud Report — published April 2025 for calendar year 2024 — documented $4.885 billion in losses by Americans 60+, with AI voice cloning, AI-driven romance and pig-butchering scams, and tech-support fraud identified as fastest-growing vectors. The report is the principal federal basis for AI elder-fraud policy and enforcement priorities.
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In effect
FBI IC3 AI fraud PSA
United States · Effective 2024-12-03 · FBI IC3 PSA I-120324-PSA (Dec. 3, 2024)
The FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center warned that criminals are using generative AI for phishing, impersonation, romance scams, investment fraud, and synthetic identity creation — and gave concrete defenses, like asking a 'secret word' on suspicious family calls. The PSA underpins FBI investigative priority and informs federal AI-fraud charging decisions.
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Blocked / in litigation
Young v. NeoCortext (Reface)
C.D. Cal. · Effective 2023-04-03 · Young v. NeoCortext, Inc., No. 2:23-cv-02496 (C.D. Cal.); 9th Cir. Dec. 2024
Reality TV personality Kyland Young sued NeoCortext (developer of the Reface face-swap app) under California's right-of-publicity statute, alleging Reface used his image in its in-app catalog without consent. In 2024 the Ninth Circuit affirmed denial of NeoCortext's anti-SLAPP motion, allowing the case to proceed.
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Proposed / pending
FCC AI robocall disclosure NPRM
United States · FCC 24-84, NPRM, CG Docket 23-362 (Aug. 8, 2024)
The FCC's August 2024 proposed rule would require callers using AI-generated voices or AI-written texts to disclose that fact at the start of the call or in the text, and would let consumers refuse AI calls even when prerecorded consent was given. The proposal is pending as of June 2026 — track its status before relying on it.
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Proposed / pending
DEFIANCE Act (deepfake-porn civil suits)
United States · S. 1837, 119th Cong. (DEFIANCE Act)
This bill would let victims of sexually explicit AI deepfakes sue the people who create or share them, with damages starting around $150,000. The Senate passed it unanimously on January 13, 2026 — the second time it has done so — but as of June 2026 it is still awaiting action in the House and is not yet law.
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Proposed / pending
Preventing Deep Fake Scams Act (House)
United States · H.R.1734, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
Establishes a congressional Task Force on Artificial Intelligence in the Financial Services Sector to assess how deepfakes and voice-cloning tools are used to commit financial fraud and to report best-practice recommendations to Congress within one year of enactment. Fraudsters stole more than $12.5 billion from consumers in 2024; older adults represent the largest victim group. Seniors are not explicitly named but protection of older adults is a stated motivation in the companion Senate press materials.
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Proposed / pending
Preventing Deep Fake Scams Act (Senate)
United States · S.2117, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
Senate companion to H.R.1734; establishes the Task Force on Artificial Intelligence in the Financial Services Sector to study AI-enabled financial scams — including deepfakes and voice-cloning grandparent scams — and to produce congressional recommendations within one year. FBI data cited by sponsors shows 201,266 complaints from Americans 60+ in 2025 with $7.748 billion in losses. Seniors are not specifically enumerated in the bill text but are the primary demographic motivating the legislation.
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Proposed / pending
NO FAKES Act of 2025
United States · S.1367, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
Creates the first federal individual right against unauthorized AI-generated digital replicas of a person's image, likeness, or voice. Provides a right to subpoena online platforms for data about unauthorized deepfakes and establishes a DMCA-style notice-and-takedown procedure. Seniors and others whose voices are cloned without consent for use in grandparent or impersonation scams would have a direct cause of action against the parties responsible.
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Proposed / pending
AI Scam Prevention Act
United States · S.3495, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
Prohibits using artificial intelligence to impersonate any person — family member, government official, or business — with intent to defraud. Codifies and expands the FTC's existing rule against impersonating government or business officials and updates definitions to include text messages, video conference calls, and AI-generated or prerecorded voice. Sen. Klobuchar's press release explicitly cited grandparent scams where criminals clone a grandchild's voice to defraud elderly relatives as a primary motivation.
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Proposed / pending
AI Fraud Accountability Act
United States · S.3982, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
Amends the Communications Act of 1934 to create a new criminal offense for using a realistic digital impersonation in interstate or foreign communications with intent to defraud a person of money or things of value. Establishes extraterritorial jurisdiction — critical because many AI scam operations targeting American seniors originate overseas. Empowers the FTC with civil enforcement authority and directs NIST to develop best practices. Explicitly endorsed by AARP and the 60 Plus Association because of the devastating toll on seniors.
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Proposed / pending
AI Fraud Accountability Act (House)
United States · H.R.7786, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
House companion to S.3982; criminalizes the use of realistic digital impersonation tools in interstate or foreign communications with fraudulent intent. Includes extraterritorial jurisdiction to reach foreign-based AI scam operations that frequently target American seniors. Buchanan's press release explicitly stated that the bill responds to 'a disturbing rise in AI-generated voice clones' used to defraud families including older adults.
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Proposed / pending
AI Fraud Deterrence Act
United States · H.R.6306, 119th Congress (2025–2026)
Amends federal mail fraud, wire fraud, bank fraud, and money laundering statutes to impose significantly higher maximum penalties when AI tools are used to commit those offenses. Proposed fines range from $1–2 million and maximum prison terms of 20–30 years for AI-assisted fraud. Rep. Lieu's press release specifically cited scammers using AI voice cloning to target seniors as the primary motivation. Seniors are not individually named in the bill text but are the explicit focus of the sponsors' public advocacy.
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Status unknown
Sky / Scarlett Johansson voice-likeness threat
(threatened — no filed case) · Effective 2024-05-20 · Public legal threat by Scarlett Johansson re: OpenAI 'Sky' voice (May 2024)
Scarlett Johansson publicly threatened legal action against OpenAI in May 2024 after the company released a 'Sky' voice for GPT-4o that closely resembled hers — after she had declined to license her voice. OpenAI withdrew the voice. No lawsuit was filed, but the episode became a touchstone for voice-likeness AI right-of-publicity policy debates and shaped the NO FAKES Act.
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Expired
Bot Disclosure Act (Feinstein, died)
United States · S. 3127, 115th Cong. (2018) — died in committee
Sen. Dianne Feinstein's June 2018 bill would have required social media platforms to mandate disclosure of automated bots and would have banned political campaigns from using bots in disguised political ads. The first federal bot-disclosure proposal — never received committee action but inspired CA SB 1001 (2018, enacted) and NJ Bot Disclosure Act (2019, enacted).
State deepfakes rules (130)
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Enacted (not yet in effect)
Maryland SB 8 (AI/deepfake impersonation)
Maryland · Effective 2026-10-01 · 2026 Md. Laws ch. 445 (SB 8)
This law makes it a crime to intentionally use artificial intelligence or a deepfake representation to impersonate, falsely depict, or claim to represent another person, or to create or distribute false records, with intent to cause harm, to induce someone to hand over personal identifying information, or to obtain a benefit, credit, good, service, or other thing of value. 'Deepfake representation' means synthetic media indistinguishable from an actual, identifiable human being, and a victim may bring a civil action.
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In effect
PR Ley 163-2026 / P. del S. 441 (Image Rights)
Puerto Rico · Effective 2026-08-03 · Ley 163-2026 (P. del S. 441, 19th Leg. Assembly); signed August 3, 2026
Puerto Rico Law 163-2026 (P. del S. 441) expands the island's right-of-image statute (Law 139-2011) to expressly cover AI-generated deepfakes and voice clones. Creates civil causes of action when someone's appearance, voice, gestures, movements, or other identifiable attributes are synthetically generated, cloned, simulated, or altered without consent. Signed by Governor Jenniffer González Colón on August 3, 2026.
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Blocked / in litigation
CA SB 942 (challenged)
CA · Effective 2026-08-02 · Cal. SB 942 (2024) — pending First Amendment challenge
California SB 942 mandates AI-content disclosures and watermarking by large generative AI providers, effective August 2, 2026. A First Amendment challenge was filed by industry plaintiffs in late 2025 and is pending preliminary injunction motion.
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In effect
PR Ley 105-2026 (AI Elections)
Puerto Rico · Effective 2026-06-10 · Ley Núm. 105-2026 (P. del S. 101)
Puerto Rico's Law 105-2026 amends the Electoral Code to require clear disclosure on any political ad created or materially modified by AI — text, image, audio, or video. Signed by Governor Jenniffer González on June 10, 2026. First standalone AI law on the books in PR.
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In effect
Guam Bill 209-38 / AI Deepfake Election Regulation Act
Guam · Effective 2026-03-16 · Guam Artificial Intelligence Deepfake Election Regulation Act (Bill 209-38 (COR), 38th Guam Leg.); enacted before March 16, 2026; PL# not confirmed
Bill prohibiting creation or distribution of materially deceptive media produced by generative AI in connection with Guam elections. Allows clearly labeled AI-generated content. Opposed by Guam Homeland Security on First Amendment grounds.
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In effect
Montana HB 513 (property right in voice & likeness vs. deepfakes)
Montana · Effective 2026-01-01 · Mont. HB 513 (2025) (Ch. 685); codified in Title 30, ch. 14, MCA
Montana gives individuals a property right in their name, voice, and visual likeness. A person may be sued for damages if, without consent, they intentionally publish, perform, distribute, or make available to the public a digital voice or visual depiction of an individual for commercial use, knowing it is an unauthorized depiction of that person. The same liability applies to distributing tools whose primary purpose is producing such unauthorized digital depictions. The right lasts 20 years after death, with exceptions for news, commentary, and parody.
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In effect
New York S8391 (bans unauthorized AI digital replicas of deceased performers)
New York · Effective 2025-12-11 · N.Y. S8391 (2025)
This law makes it illegal to use a digital replica of a deceased performer in an audiovisual work, a sound recording, or a live performance of a musical work without consent from the appropriate rights holder. It applies when the user knows the replica is unauthorized. A deceased performer's estate or rights holder can sue, recovering the greater of $2,000 or their actual damages, plus any profits the violator made from the unauthorized use.
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In effect
Arizona HB 2678 — AI-generated CSAM criminalized
Arizona · Effective 2025-09-27 · Arizona HB 2678, 57th Leg., 1st R.S. (2025); amends A.R.S. §§ 13-3553 et seq. to criminalize AI-generated CSAM
Arizona House Bill 2678, passed in the 57th Legislature's 1st Regular Session and signed by Governor Katie Hobbs in approximately September 2025, criminalizes artificial intelligence-generated and computer-generated child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in Arizona. The law expands the existing definition of 'visual depiction' in Arizona's child exploitation statutes to explicitly include digitally generated, AI-generated, and computer-generated images, meaning such images are treated the same as real photographs of child sexual exploitation. It also updates the definition of 'minor' within child-exploitation statutes to be consistent with this expanded scope. Offenses involving victims under 15 years old are classified as 'dangerous crimes against children,' carrying enhanced mandatory sentencing under Arizona law. The Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline endorsed the bill. The law's first known prosecution came in May 2026 when a Gilbert, Arizona man was charged with more than 20 counts of sexual exploitation of a minor for AI-generated images.
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In effect
New York Fashion Workers Act (models must consent to AI digital replicas)
New York · Effective 2025-06-19 · New York State Fashion Workers Act; L. 2024, ch. 683 (S9832)
Before a modeling agency or a client can create or use an AI digital replica of a model (such as a computer-generated version of their face, body, or voice), they must get the model's clear written consent, separate from the regular representation contract, that spells out the scope, purpose, pay, and how long the replica will be used.
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In effect
Utah S.B. 271 (no AI deepfakes of your identity for commercial use without consent)
Utah · Effective 2025-05-07 · Utah Laws 2025, S.B. 271; Utah Code 45-3-2 to 45-3-7
Utah broadened its abuse-of-personal-identity law to cover AI-generated and other artificial recreations of a person's identity. 'Personal identity' now includes a person's video likeness, voice, and audiovisual appearance, plus any simulation or artificial recreation made through generative AI, computer animation, or digital manipulation. It is unlawful to use someone's personal identity this way for commercial purposes without consent, and to knowingly distribute, sell, or license technology whose primary purpose is unauthorized identity-content creation. Exemptions cover news, art, and parody.
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In effect
IL Digital Voice/Likeness Act
IL · Effective 2025-01-01 · 765 ILCS 1075/; P.A. 103-1014
Illinois created a private right of action against anyone who distributes an unauthorized AI 'digital replica' of a person's voice or likeness, with damages up to $150,000 plus attorneys' fees. Aimed at AI voice-clone fraud, fake celebrity endorsements, and unauthorized digital replicas of performers.
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Blocked / in litigation
CA AB 1836 (challenged)
CA · Effective 2025-01-01 · Cal. Civ. Code §3344.1 (as amended by AB 1836); MPA v. Bonta (E.D. Cal., pending)
California AB 1836 extended postmortem right of publicity to AI digital replicas of deceased personalities. A First Amendment challenge filed by the Motion Picture Association is pending in federal court.
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In effect
California AB 1836 (bans unauthorized AI digital replicas of dead performers)
California · Effective 2025-01-01 · Cal. Civ. Code 3344.1 (AB 1836, Stats. 2024)
It is unlawful to produce, distribute, or make available a digital replica of a deceased celebrity's or performer's voice or likeness in a film, video, or sound recording without consent from whoever controls that person's rights (such as their estate). Anyone who does so is liable to the rights holder for the greater of $10,000 or the actual damages caused.
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In effect
California AB 2602 (vague AI voice/likeness contract clauses unenforceable)
California · Effective 2025-01-01 · Cal. Civ. Code 1745.5 (AB 2602, Stats. 2024)
This law protects performers and others from signing away the rights to an AI-generated digital replica of their voice or likeness without understanding what they are agreeing to. If a contract lets someone create or use a digital replica of you for a new performance, that clause cannot be enforced when it fails to reasonably describe how the replica will be used and you did not have a lawyer or union representing you when you signed.
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In effect
New York S7676B (voids vague AI voice/likeness contract clauses)
New York · Effective 2025-01-01 · N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law 5-302; L. 2024, ch. 569 (S7676B)
A contract clause that lets a company create or use an AI digital replica of a person's voice or likeness is unenforceable if it does not reasonably specifically describe how the replica will be used, unless the person had a lawyer or a union representing them when they signed. It is aimed at protecting performers from signing away their digital likeness in broad, vague terms.
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In effect
NY AI digital replica law
NY · Effective 2024-08-13 · N.Y. Civil Rights Law §§ 50-f, 50-g; Ch. 219 and 220 of 2024
New York governor signed laws making vague AI digital-replica clauses in personal-services contracts unenforceable and reinforcing the state's right-of-publicity protections for AI-generated voice and likeness fraud. Builds on NY's existing Civil Rights Law §§ 50-f and 50-g.
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In effect
FL HB 919 AI political/commercial disclosure
FL · Effective 2024-07-01 · Ch. 2024-126, Laws of Fla.; Fla. Stat. § 106.143
Florida requires any political ad using AI-generated content to carry a clear disclaimer; failing to disclose AI use in a political or paid ad — or using AI to materially deceive — is a first-degree misdemeanor. Enforcement is via the Florida Elections Commission and the Department of State.
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In effect
ELVIS Act
Tennessee · Effective 2024-07-01 · Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 47-25-1101 to -1108 (ELVIS Act, 2024)
The first US law protecting voices from AI cloning: Tennessee added 'voice' to its right-of-publicity law, so using AI to mimic someone's voice or likeness without permission is both a civil violation and a crime. It also allows lawsuits against those who distribute tools whose primary purpose is producing unauthorized voice or likeness replicas.
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In effect
NY S5959-D (2020, digital replicas + deepfake porn)
NY · Effective 2021-05-29 · Ch. 304 of 2020 (S5959-D); N.Y. Civ. Rights Law §§ 50-f, 52-c
Signed by Governor Cuomo on November 30, 2020, NY S5959-D was the first state law to (1) extend right of publicity to digital replicas of deceased personalities for 40 years, and (2) create a private right of action against unlawful publication of sexually explicit deepfakes. Landmark precedent — direct ancestor of CA AB 1836 (2024) and NY's 2023-2025 digital-replica laws.
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In effect
VA HB 2678 (2019, first deepfake-NCII criminal law)
VA · Effective 2019-07-01 · Va. Code § 18.2-386.2 (as amended by HB 2678, 2019 Reg. Sess.)
Virginia HB 2678 (2019) was the first U.S. state law to criminalize AI-generated nonconsensual intimate imagery (deepfake porn). It amended Va. Code § 18.2-386.2 (revenge-porn statute) to cover 'falsely created videographic or still image' depictions. Class 1 misdemeanor. Still in effect 2026 and remains the foundational state deepfake-NCII statute.
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Enacted (not yet in effect)
HB 1170 (WA AI Content Disclosure)
Washington · Effective 2027-02-01 · Wash. E2SHB 1170 (2026); Ch. 167, 2026 Laws
Large AI image, video, and audio generators must embed hard-to-remove provenance data — watermarks or tamper-resistant metadata — in every piece of synthetic content they create. This lets journalists, courts, and the public identify AI-generated media. Applies to services with over 1 million monthly users. Enforced by the Washington Attorney General under the Consumer Protection Act. Effective February 1, 2027.
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Enacted (not yet in effect)
CT SB 5 (2026 AI Act)
Connecticut · Effective 2026-10-01 · Conn. Public Act 26-15 (SB 5, 2026)
After years of failed attempts, Connecticut enacted a comprehensive AI law in 2026. It requires employers to disclose AI used in employment decisions, mandates disclosure when layoffs relate to AI, imposes some of the nation's strictest AI companion-chatbot rules (especially for children), and codifies that automated decision-making is no defense to discrimination claims. Most provisions start October 1, 2026.
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In effect
SB 942 (AI Transparency Act)
California · Effective 2026-08-02 · Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757 et seq. (SB 942, as amended by AB 853)
Large generative AI providers (over 1 million monthly users) must offer a free AI-detection tool and embed disclosures in AI-generated images, video, and audio, including hidden watermark-style disclosures. A 2025 amendment delayed the start to August 2, 2026 and extended duties to large online platforms and capture-device makers (2027).
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In effect
KS Synthetic CSAM Law
Kansas · Effective 2026-07-01 · KS HB 2183, 2025-26 Reg. Sess., approved by Governor Feb. 5, 2026, eff. July 1, 2026
Kansas updated its child sexual exploitation and privacy statutes to prohibit creation and distribution of visual depictions where the person depicted is indistinguishable from a real child, including AI-generated and morphed imagery. The law also addresses unlawful transmission of such visual depictions and breach of privacy. Signed by the governor February 5, 2026; took effect July 1, 2026 as part of the 124-law Kansas effective date batch.
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In effect
Wyo. Stat. 6-4-308 (felony to build/distribute AI systems made to create child porn)
Wyoming · Effective 2026-07-01 · Wyo. Stat. Ann. 6-4-308; see also 6-4-303(b); 2026 Wyo. Sess. Laws (HB0102 / HEA 32)
This new Wyoming crime targets AI systems built specifically to generate child sexual abuse material. It is a felony to knowingly develop or distribute an AI system designed to create, distribute, or promote child pornography or synthetic sexual material, when done with intent or knowledge that others will use it that way. General-purpose tools that produce such content only from user prompts, and bona fide educational, library, law enforcement, and platform activity, are exempted. A companion amendment to 6-4-303 also makes using AI to generate child pornography, or possessing AI-generated child pornography, a felony.
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In effect
SSB 5886 (WA Digital Likeness Rights)
Washington · Effective 2026-06-11 · Wash. SSB 5886, Ch. 69, 2026 Laws; RCW ch. 63.60 (amending personality rights statute)
Washington updated its personality-rights law so that AI-generated audio or video that realistically mimics someone's face or voice without consent — called a 'forged digital likeness' — is now a civil violation. Victims can seek court injunctions to stop the misuse, and the civil penalty for each infringement is $3,000 plus any actual damages they can prove. The law became effective June 11, 2026.
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In effect
New York S8420A (ads must disclose AI 'synthetic performers')
New York · Effective 2026-06-09 · N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law 396-b (S8420A, 2025)
When a business creates an advertisement for property or services for a commercial purpose, this law requires it to clearly disclose if the ad uses a 'synthetic performer' — a digitally created asset (made with generative AI or a software algorithm) meant to look like an audiovisual or visual performance by a human, where the figure is not recognizable as any identifiable real person. Penalties are $1,000 for a first violation and $5,000 for each subsequent violation.
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In effect
Maryland SB 141 (election deepfakes)
Maryland · Effective 2026-06-01 · 2026 Md. Laws ch. 444 (SB 141)
This law makes it a crime to knowingly or with reckless disregard create, use, or disseminate a deepfake to produce materially false information in the election context. It also directs the State Administrator of Elections to publicly issue correct information when there is a credible report of election misinformation, and lets the State Board of Elections file a civil action. The prohibition does not apply to satire or parody or to bona fide news broadcasting.
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In effect
Utah SB 256 (AI is no defense to defamation; notice-and-removal)
Utah · Effective 2026-05-06 · Utah Code 45-2-3.5, 45-2-14 (S.B. 256, 2026 Gen. Sess.)
Utah's defamation law now expressly states it is not a defense to a libel or slander claim that the content was made with generative AI, computer animation, digital manipulation, or simulated/recreated content. Before suing over digitally created content, the person must send the publisher written notice; if the publisher removes it within 10 days, the plaintiff can recover only actual damages.
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In effect
Vermont Election Deepfake Law
Vermont · Effective 2026-03-06 · 2026 VT Acts No. 75 (S.23)
Campaign media featuring AI-generated images, audio, or video used within 90 days of a Vermont election must carry a clear disclosure — on video for the full duration, in audio at the beginning, end, and every two minutes. Fines up to $1,000 first offense, $15,000 for repeats.
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In effect
NV AI Election Ad Disclosure
Nevada · Effective 2026-01-01 · 2025 Nev. Laws Ch. 224 (AB 73); NRS ch. 294A
Nevada political ads containing AI-generated or digitally manipulated images, audio, or video must disclose it clearly, effective January 1, 2026. Wrongly depicted candidates can seek legal relief; satire and entertainment content is exempt.
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In effect
OK AI Revenge Porn Law
Oklahoma · Effective 2025-11-01 · Okla. HB 1364, 60th Leg., 1st Sess. (2025), eff. Nov. 1, 2025
Oklahoma makes it a crime to knowingly or recklessly share AI-generated sexually explicit images of another person without their consent and with intent to cause harm. Violations can be charged as a misdemeanor or felony depending on circumstances. Exceptions exist for journalism, law enforcement, and platform liability is limited.
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In effect
NV NCII Deepfake Law
Nevada · Effective 2025-10-01 · 2025 Nev. Stat. (SB 213); NRS 200.780
Nevada expanded its intimate-images law to explicitly cover AI-generated and digitally manipulated images — anything that could reasonably be mistaken for a real depiction of the person, whether or not their actual image was used. Knowing distribution is a Category D felony (1–4 years).
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In effect
Montana HB 514 (sextortion deepfakes in privacy crime)
Montana · Effective 2025-10-01 · Mont. HB 514 (2025) (Ch. 686); MCA 45-8-213
Montana expanded its existing 'privacy in communications' crime to cover real or AI-fabricated sexual images. It is now an offense to publish or distribute such images of an identifiable person without consent to harass or harm them or to obtain money, and separately to possess such images and threaten to release them to extort money or other valuables.
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In effect
Ohio AI Fabricated Sexual Images Law
Ohio · Effective 2025-09-30 · ORC § 2917.211 (amended by 2025 Ohio HB 96); ORC § 2307.66
Ohio amended its nonconsensual-image law in September 2025 to expressly cover AI-generated and digitally fabricated sexual images — prohibiting both distributing AND creating them without the depicted person's consent. First offenses are fourth-degree felonies, escalating for repeat offenders. Victims may sue for compensatory and punitive damages plus attorney's fees.
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In effect
ME AI Private Images Law
Maine · Effective 2025-09-24 · Me. LD 1944 / HP 1303 (132nd Leg., 1st Spec. Sess.); P.L. 2025, ch. 400; 17-A M.R.S. § 511-A
Maine expanded its unauthorized-private-images ("revenge porn") crime to explicitly cover artificially generated/AI-made intimate images of real people, and lets people seek protection-from-abuse or harassment orders when someone threatens to release such images. Unauthorized dissemination is a Class D crime (up to one year, $2,000).
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In effect
PA Digital Forgery Law
Pennsylvania · Effective 2025-09-05 · 2025 Pa. Laws Act 35 (SB 649); 18 Pa. C.S. § 4935
Pennsylvania created the crime of 'digital forgery': making a forged AI-generated likeness of someone with intent to defraud or injure is a first-degree misdemeanor, escalating to a third-degree felony for financial fraud — directly targeting AI voice-clone scams like fake grandchild emergency calls. A clear fake-content disclaimer is an affirmative defense.
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In effect
TX SB 1621 — AI CSAM Rewrite
Texas · Effective 2025-09-01 · Tex. Penal Code (child sexual abuse material provisions) (SB 1621, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025))
This law rewrites Texas's child sexual abuse material statutes to account for AI and computer-generated imagery. It separately defines a 'depiction of a child' and a 'depiction of a computer-generated child,' and extends the offenses of possessing, electronically transmitting, and promoting such material to cover AI-generated images. It also updates penalty ranges and adds enhanced punishment for repeat offenders and offenders in positions of authority.
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In effect
TX SB 2373 (AI Media / Phishing Financial Abuse)
Texas · Effective 2025-09-01 · Tex. S.B. 2373, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ch. 100B; Tex. Penal Code Sec. 32.56
Texas makes it unlawful to use AI-generated images, audio, video, or text — or phishing messages — to financially exploit or defraud another person. Victims can sue the wrongdoer and recover their actual losses, damages for mental anguish, the profits the wrongdoer earned, and their court costs and attorney's fees, and may seek an injunction. A separate civil penalty of up to $1,000 for each day the deceptive media or communication was circulated can be pursued. The same conduct can also be prosecuted criminally, with penalties scaling up to a first-degree felony based on the amount taken.
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In effect
Texas SB 441 (deepfake NCII crime + website/AI-app/payment-processor liability)
Texas · Effective 2025-09-01 · Tex. S.B. 441, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025); amending Tex. Penal Code 21.165 and Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ch. 98B (adding 98B.0021, 98B.0022, 98B.008, 98B.009); eff. Sept. 1, 2025
This Texas law makes it a crime to knowingly create or share, without consent, AI-generated or otherwise manipulated deepfake images that falsely depict a real person with computer-generated intimate parts or engaged in sexual conduct they never performed, and bans threatening to do so. It also lets victims sue the people who made or spread such artificial intimate visual material, and extends that liability to owners of websites, social platforms, AI 'nudification' apps, or payment systems that knowingly or recklessly facilitate the content. Covered websites and apps must offer an easy removal-request tool and can be liable if they fail to take material down within 72 hours of a depicted person's request. Victims may sue using a confidential identity and have up to 10 years to file.
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In effect
Michigan Intimate Deep Fakes Act
Michigan · Effective 2025-08-26 · 2025 Mich. Pub. Acts 10–11 (HB 4047–4048)
Michigan makes it a crime to create or distribute AI-generated sexually explicit images of a real, identifiable person without their consent. First offenses carry up to one year in jail and a $3,000 fine; aggravated violations (posting online, extortion, prior conviction) escalate to a felony with up to three years. Victims may also sue for damages, injunctions, and up to $1,000/day for violating a restraining order.
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In effect
ND Sexually Explicit Deepfake Law
North Dakota · Effective 2025-08-01 · 2025 ND HB 1351; NDCC §§ 12.1-27.1-01(13), -03.3
North Dakota makes it a Class A misdemeanor to create, possess, or distribute nonconsensual sexually explicit deepfakes — including computer-generated intimate imagery. Victims can sue for up to $10,000 in statutory damages plus any profits the offender made.
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In effect
ND HB 1167 (political ads using AI to impersonate must say so)
North Dakota · Effective 2025-08-01 · N.D. Cent. Code ch. 16.1-10; 2025 N.D. Laws (HB 1167)
North Dakota now requires a clear disclaimer on political advertising or communications that use artificial intelligence to visually or audibly impersonate a real person. Covered content must display the statement 'THIS CONTENT GENERATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.' The requirement targets AI impersonations in political video, audio, and images, and does not apply to ordinary tools like spell-check, grammar correction, or stylistic editing.
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In effect
RI Synthetic Intimate Imagery Law
Rhode Island · Effective 2025-07-02 · 2025 RI H5046 / S0136
Rhode Island updated its unauthorized-image ("revenge porn") statute to explicitly criminalize sexually explicit images that were created by a digital device or AI — i.e., synthetic nudes and explicit deepfakes of real people — making nonconsensual creation and distribution a crime. Signed into law July 2, 2025.
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In effect
Rhode Island 17-30 (ban on undisclosed election deepfakes near an election)
Rhode Island · Effective 2025-07-02 · R.I. Gen. Laws 17-30-1 to 17-30-4; P.L. 2025, ch. 409 & 410, eff. July 2, 2025
Rhode Island bars distributing synthetic media that the distributor knows is a deceptive and fraudulent deepfake of a candidate within 90 days of an election. The ban does not apply if the image, audio, or video carries a clear disclosure that it was manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence. A candidate depicted in violating media can sue to block its distribution and may also recover damages.
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In effect
SD Election Deepfake Law
South Dakota · Effective 2025-07-01 · SD SB 164 (2025); signed Mar. 31, 2025; eff. July 1, 2025
South Dakota requires that intentionally harmful, unlabeled AI deepfakes of politicians distributed within 90 days of an election carry an AI-manipulation disclosure; violators face civil and criminal liability. Broadcasters, newspapers, websites, and radio stations are exempt, as are satire and parody.
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In effect
MD NCII Deepfake Law
Maryland · Effective 2025-07-01 · 2025 Md. Laws Ch. 219 (SB 360); Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 3-809
Maryland expanded its revenge-porn statute to explicitly cover AI-generated deepfake intimate images — computer-generated likenesses indistinguishable from real persons. Victims get criminal remedies (up to 2 years, $5,000) and a new civil cause of action. Passed 47-0 and 140-0.
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In effect
NE Synthetic NCII Civil Remedy
Nebraska · Effective 2025-05-30 · Neb. LB 371, 109th Leg., 1st Sess. (2025), approved May 30, 2025
Nebraska extended its existing civil remedies act for unauthorized disclosure of intimate images to explicitly cover computer-generated or digitally manipulated depictions, including AI deepfakes. Victims can sue civilly when AI-fabricated intimate imagery is shared without consent. The bill passed 49-0.
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In effect
SC AI CSAM / Deepfake Laws
South Carolina · Effective 2025-05-27 · SC S.28, Act No. 57; SC S.29, Act No. 58 (2025), 126th Gen. Assembly, enacted May 27, 2025
South Carolina enacted two companion laws in May 2025 to criminalize AI-generated child sexual abuse material. Act 57 (S.28) closes loopholes excluding AI-generated CSAM from existing child exploitation statutes. Act 58 (S.29) creates a new felony offense for 'obscene visual representation of a minor,' covering wholly computer-generated sexual depictions where no real child exists.
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In effect
Montana SB 413 (crime to share explicit deepfakes)
Montana · Effective 2025-05-12 · Mont. SB 413 (2025), Ch. 606; MCA Title 45, ch. 5, part 6
Montana created a new crime for sharing sexually explicit deepfakes (AI-generated or altered images and video) of a real, identifiable person. It is illegal to knowingly disclose such media when you know the person did not consent and that the disclosure would cause them serious emotional distress, to disclose it intending to harass or harm the person, or to possess it and threaten to release it to extort money or other things of value.
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In effect
Arkansas AI CSAM Law
Arkansas · Effective 2025-04-22 · 2025 Ark. Acts 977 (HB 1877), amending Ark. Code Ann. § 5-27-603
Arkansas expressly criminalizes AI-generated CSAM that is indistinguishable from real child imagery — defining 'computer generated' as AI-produced and 'indistinguishable' as imagery a reasonable person would believe depicts an actual child. Limited exemptions for law enforcement and good-faith AI safety testing.
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In effect
DC AG Schwalb senior AI-fraud unit
DC · Effective 2025-04-18 · D.C. Code § 28-3904; DC OAG Consumer Alert (Apr. 18, 2025)
The DC Attorney General announced an Elder Justice Initiative focused on AI-enabled scams targeting older Washingtonians — voice-clone grandparent scams, tech-support fraud using AI chatbots, and AI romance scams. The office uses DC's Consumer Protection Procedures Act and the Elder Financial Exploitation Act to investigate.
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In effect
Arkansas Deepfake Sexual Content Act
Arkansas · Effective 2025-04-17 · 2025 Ark. Acts 827 (HB 1529)
Arkansas criminalizes creating or distributing deepfake sexual imagery — AI-generated or digitally manipulated images that appear authentic and depict an identifiable person in nudity or sexual conduct without consent. First offense is a Class A misdemeanor, repeats are felonies; victims can sue for punitive damages, and the Attorney General can sue platforms that lack reasonable safeguards against generating this content.
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In effect
NJ Deceptive AI Deepfakes Act
New Jersey · Effective 2025-04-02 · P.L.2025, c.40 (N.J. A3540/S2544)
New Jersey's omnibus deepfake law establishes criminal and civil penalties for producing or distributing deceptive AI audio/video used to facilitate crimes — including sexual exploitation of minors, harassment, extortion, and election interference. Violations are a third-degree crime carrying up to five years and fines up to $30,000, and victims can sue.
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In effect
Kentucky SB 4 (AI Governance)
Kentucky · Effective 2025-03-24 · 2025 Ky. Acts (SB 4)
Kentucky SB 4 establishes an AI governance framework for state government — agencies need approval before deploying AI, must conduct risk assessments, disclose AI use in decisions, and keep human oversight for consequential decisions. It also bans undisclosed AI-generated content falsely depicting people in political communications, with a civil remedy for those depicted.
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In effect
Arkansas Frank Broyles Act AI amendment — voice and likeness protection (2025)
Arkansas · Effective 2025-02-25 · Ark. Act 159 / HB 1071 (2025 Regular Session), amending Ark. Code Ann. § 4-75-1101
Arkansas Act 159 (HB 1071), signed February 25, 2025, amends the Frank Broyles Publicity Rights Protection Act of 2016 to explicitly cover AI-generated voice and likeness. It adds 'voice' — including AI-simulated voice that sounds like a real person — and AI-generated images to the rights protected under the Act. Any commercial use of a person's AI-replicated voice or image without explicit consent is a violation. Named for the late UA Razorbacks coach Frank Broyles; became one of the first U.S. publicity-rights laws to specifically address AI-generated audio.
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In effect
CA AG Bonta AI legal advisory
CA · Effective 2025-01-13 · CA DOJ Legal Advisory (Jan. 13, 2025)
California's Attorney General issued a legal advisory making clear that existing California consumer-protection, civil-rights, and privacy laws fully apply to AI — including the False Advertising Law, Unfair Competition Law, CCPA, and FEHA. The advisory targets AI-washing, AI-driven discrimination, hallucination-driven misrepresentations, and AI scam impersonation.
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Blocked / in litigation
CA AB 2655 (deepfake takedown)
CA · Effective 2025-01-01 · Cal. Elec. Code §§ 20510–20517; AB 2655, Ch. 261, Stats. 2024
California passed a law requiring large online platforms to label or remove materially deceptive AI-generated content related to elections, and authorized candidates and election officials to sue for injunctive relief and damages. A federal court has blocked enforcement of key provisions while First Amendment litigation proceeds.
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In effect
NH Deepfake Law (HB 1432)
New Hampshire · Effective 2025-01-01 · 2024 NH Laws ch. 243; RSA 638:26-a; RSA 507:8-n
New Hampshire makes it a Class B felony to knowingly create, distribute, or present a deepfake with intent to embarrass, harass, defame, extort, or cause financial or reputational harm — and it was the first state law to create a private right of action specifically for deepfake victims. Satire, parody, and news reporting are exempt.
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In effect
California AB 2355 (AI-generated political ads must disclose the AI use)
California · Effective 2025-01-01 · AB 2355, Stats. 2024 (amending the Political Reform Act of 1974)
A political committee that creates, publishes, or distributes a campaign ad whose images, audio, or video were generated or substantially altered using AI must include a clear disclosure stating that AI was used. The disclosure follows specific formatting rules depending on whether the ad is print, audio, or video. The state campaign-finance regulator can enforce it, with penalties up to $5,000 per violation.
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In effect
California AB 2655 (big platforms must block/label election deepfakes)
California · Effective 2025-01-01 · Cal. Elec. Code 20510-20520 (AB 2655, Stats. 2024)
Large online platforms with at least 1 million California users must identify materially deceptive AI-generated political content about California elections and either block it or label it during set windows around an election. They must also give California residents a way to report content that was not handled. The Attorney General, district attorneys, city attorneys, and affected candidates or election officials can go to court to force compliance.
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In effect
PA Deepfake/CSAM Law (Act 125)
Pennsylvania · Effective 2024-12-28 · 2024 Pa. Laws Act 125 (SB 1213); 18 Pa. C.S. §§ 3131, 6312
Pennsylvania criminalized creating and distributing sexual deepfakes of any person, and classified AI-generated sexual depictions of minors as child sexual abuse material. The Attorney General has already charged people under this law.
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In effect
NY AG
NY · Effective 2024-10-17 · NY AG — Symposium Report on the Next Decade of AI (enforcement priorities) (2024-10-17)
James outlines enforcement priorities: hiring tool bias, GenAI misinformation, deepfakes, ADS. References LL144 precedent; previews state ADS guidance and legislative recommendations.
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In effect
NY AG James AI scam consumer alert
NY · Effective 2024-10-17 · NY OAG Press Release (Oct. 17, 2024)
New York Attorney General Letitia James issued consumer alerts warning New Yorkers about AI voice-cloning grandparent scams, AI romance and pig-butchering schemes, and AI investment fraud — and pledged enforcement under New York's GBL § 349 against deceptive AI uses.
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In effect
Delaware Election Deepfake Law
Delaware · Effective 2024-10-09 · 2024 DE HB 316; 15 Del. C.
Delaware criminalizes distributing AI-generated deepfakes of candidates or election officials within 90 days of an election with intent to harm or deceive. Basic violations are a Class B misdemeanor, escalating to a Class E felony for repeats; a clear disclosure is a complete safe harbor.
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In effect
Delaware Deepfake Intimate-Images Act
Delaware · Effective 2024-10-09 · Del. H.B. 353, 152nd Gen. Assemb. (2024) (amending 10 & 11 Del. C.)
This law extends Delaware's protections against the non-consensual sharing of intimate images to cover deepfakes — digitally created or altered images that falsely depict an identifiable real person nude or engaged in sexual conduct. Victims can pursue the same civil remedies available for the unauthorized disclosure of real intimate images, and offenders can face criminal charges under the state's privacy-violation laws. When an adult creates a sexual or nude depiction of a minor, the conduct is treated as a felony rather than a misdemeanor. The measure is also known as the Amelia Kramer Act.
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In effect
Alabama Synthetic Private Images Law
Alabama · Effective 2024-10-01 · 2024 Ala. Acts (HB 161), amending Ala. Code § 13A-6-240
Alabama prohibits the nonconsensual creation or distribution of 'private images,' expressly including AI-altered or synthetically generated depictions of people in nudity or sexual conduct. Both distribution and creation are criminalized.
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In effect
Alabama Election Deepfake Law
Alabama · Effective 2024-10-01 · 2024 Ala. Acts (HB 172)
Alabama criminalizes distributing materially false AI-generated media intended to harm a candidate or mislead voters within 90 days of an election. First violation is a misdemeanor; repeats within five years are felonies. Clearly disclaimed synthetic media is exempt.
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In effect
MA Digitized Intimate-Images Law (deepfake NCII)
Massachusetts · Effective 2024-09-18 · Acts of 2024, ch. 118 (H.4744), amending G.L. c. 265, Sec. 43A
Massachusetts's 'An Act to Prevent Abuse and Exploitation' created a criminal offense for distributing nonconsensual intimate images and expressly extended it to 'visual material produced by digitization.' Digitization is defined to include creating or altering visual material — such as through computer-generated images — in a way that would falsely appear to a reasonable person to be an authentic depiction of the person shown. This brings AI-generated and digitally fabricated intimate images within the same prohibition that applies to real photos and videos.
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Blocked / in litigation
CA AB 2839 (enjoined)
CA · Effective 2024-09-17 · Cal. AB 2839 (2024); Kohls v. Bonta, No. 2:24-cv-02527 (E.D. Cal.)
California AB 2839 banned materially deceptive AI-generated election content within 120 days of an election. A federal court preliminarily enjoined enforcement on October 2, 2024 in Kohls v. Bonta, finding likely First Amendment violations. The case was fully briefed at the Ninth Circuit as of March 11, 2026.
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Blocked / in litigation
CA AB 2655 (enjoined)
CA · Effective 2024-09-17 · Cal. AB 2655 (2024); Kohls v. Bonta, No. 2:24-cv-02527 (E.D. Cal.) — struck Aug. 29, 2025 (Babylon Bee LLC and X Corp. consolidated as co-plaintiffs)
California AB 2655 required large online platforms to block or label deceptive election deepfakes. Permanently enjoined on August 20, 2025 in Kohls v. Bonta (E.D. Cal.) on Section 230 preemption grounds — the first permanent injunction of a state platform deepfake law.
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Blocked / in litigation
AB 2839 (Election Deepfakes)
California · Effective 2024-09-17 · Cal. Elec. Code § 20012 (AB 2839); Kohls v. Bonta, E.D. Cal.
This law banned knowingly distributing materially deceptive AI-generated deepfakes of candidates and election officials in the months around an election. Federal courts blocked it on First Amendment grounds, and it is currently unenforceable.
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In effect
MI AG AI scam alert
MI · Effective 2024-08-15 · Mich. Comp. Laws § 445.903; MI OAG Press Release (Dec. 11, 2024)
Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel issued an alert warning consumers about AI deepfake video scams, voice clones, and synthetic image fraud — including AI-generated investment ads using fake celebrity endorsements — and pledged enforcement under the Michigan Consumer Protection Act.
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In effect
NH Election Deepfake Law
New Hampshire · Effective 2024-08-01 · RSA 664:14-c (2024)
Prohibits distributing AI-generated deepfakes of candidates or election officials within 90 days of an election unless clearly disclosed as AI-manipulated. Depicted candidates can seek injunctions and damages.
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In effect
Louisiana AI Intimate-Image Law (R.S. 14:73.14)
Louisiana · Effective 2024-08-01 · La. R.S. 14:73.14 (2024 Reg. Sess. S.B. 6)
Louisiana makes it a crime to distribute or sell AI-generated images or video that show a recognizable real person nude or in a state of undress, when the person doing so acts with intent to coerce, harass, intimidate, or otherwise maliciously and knows or should know they are not authorized to share or sell the material. Online services, email providers, and telecommunications carriers are generally not liable for content their users post. This is a separate offense from Louisiana's broader 'unlawful deepfakes' statute.
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In effect
Iowa Synthetic Intimate Content Law
Iowa · Effective 2024-07-01 · Iowa HF 2240 (2024)
Iowa criminalizes generating or distributing synthetic images or videos depicting a person in sexual acts or nudity without consent. Violations involving adults are aggravated misdemeanors; involving minors, felonies. Expressly motivated by AI-generated pornographic deepfakes.
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In effect
Iowa AI CSAM Law
Iowa · Effective 2024-07-01 · Iowa SF 2243 (2024), amending Iowa Code § 728
Iowa amended its sexual-exploitation-of-a-minor law to explicitly include depictions 'created, adapted, or modified' by AI to appear to show an identifiable minor in a prohibited act. First offense: Class D felony (up to 5 years); second: Class C felony (up to 10 years). Passed unanimously.
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In effect
MS Deepfake Law
Mississippi · Effective 2024-07-01 · Miss. SB 2577, 2024 Reg. Sess., eff. July 1, 2024; new section to Miss. Code Ann. Title 97, Ch. 13
Mississippi criminalizes the wrongful dissemination of 'digitizations' — defined as deepfakes created using AI, machine learning, or computer-generated means — when done with intent to cause violence, harm, or deter someone from voting. Penalties include up to 5 years in prison and a $50,000 fine.
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In effect
WY NCII Deepfake Law
Wyoming · Effective 2024-07-01 · Wyo. Stat. § 6-4-306 (2024 ed.), amended by HB0078, 2024 Wyo. Gen. Sess., eff. July 1, 2024
Wyoming's intimate image statute was amended in 2024 to explicitly include computer-generated images that purport to represent an identifiable person, covering AI deepfakes. Nonconsensual dissemination is a misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in jail and a $5,000 fine.
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In effect
Vermont NCII Deepfake Law
Vermont · Effective 2024-07-01 · 2024 VT Acts No. 161; 13 V.S.A. § 2606
Vermont amended its revenge-porn statute to explicitly criminalize nonconsensual disclosure of AI-generated and digitally manipulated sexually explicit images, expanding 'visual image' to include images created or altered by digitization.
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In effect
IN NCII Deepfake Law
Indiana · Effective 2024-07-01 · 2024 Ind. Acts (HEA 1047); I.C. 35-45-4-8
Indiana criminalized creating and sharing AI-generated or digitally modified intimate images without consent, expanding its revenge-porn statute. Distribution is a Class A misdemeanor; repeat or aggravated conduct is a Level 6 felony (up to 30 months, $5,000).
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In effect
CO Candidate Deepfake Disclosure Law
Colorado · Effective 2024-07-01 · Colo. Rev. Stat. Secs. 1-45-111.5 to -111.7, 1-46-101 to -106 (HB 24-1147)
Colorado restricts distributing AI-generated deepfakes that falsely depict a candidate for elective office within set windows before a primary or general election, when the distributor knows or recklessly disregards that the depiction is false. A communication is shielded from liability if it carries a clear and conspicuous disclaimer stating the media has been edited and falsely depicts speech or conduct. Complaints can be filed with the Secretary of State, and affected candidates have a private right of action.
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In effect
HB 919 (AI Political Ad Disclaimers)
Florida · Effective 2024-07-01 · Fla. Stat. § 106.145 (CS/HB 919, 2024)
Florida political ads that use generative AI to depict a real person doing something they never did — with intent to injure a candidate or deceive voters — must carry a clear disclaimer that the content was created with generative AI. Failing to include the disclaimer is a first-degree misdemeanor.
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In effect
Washington HB 1999 (criminalizes AI/fabricated CSAM and nonconsensual fake intimate images)
Washington · Effective 2024-06-06 · Substitute H.B. 1999, Ch. 88, Laws of 2024 (Wash.)
Washington expanded its child sexual abuse material laws to cover fabricated depictions of an identifiable minor, including AI-created images, and created a separate crime for knowingly disclosing a fabricated intimate image of another person when the discloser knows or should know the person did not consent and that disclosure would cause harm. A first disclosure offense is a gross misdemeanor and repeats are a class C felony. Victims may also sue for damages.
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In effect
AZ Election Deepfake Disclosure Law
Arizona · Effective 2024-05-29 · 2024 Ariz. Sess. Laws (SB 1359); A.R.S. tit. 16
Arizona requires creators and sponsors of AI-generated synthetic media in election communications to include a clear disclosure within 90 days before an election. News, satire, and parody are exempt; candidates can seek injunctions.
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In effect
AZ Digital Impersonation Law
Arizona · Effective 2024-05-21 · 2024 Ariz. Sess. Laws (HB 2394); A.R.S. § 13-2006
Any Arizona citizen or candidate can go to court to stop the unconsented publication of a digital impersonation of themselves, and using AI-generated images, voice, or video of another person with intent to defraud or harass is a felony. Passed 57-0.
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In effect
New Mexico Political Deepfake Law
New Mexico · Effective 2024-05-15 · 2024 N.M. Laws (HB 182), amending NMSA 1978 Campaign Reporting Act
New Mexico requires political campaigns to include a prominent disclaimer — 'This has been manipulated or generated by artificial intelligence' — on any campaign ad containing materially deceptive AI content, and criminalizes distributing materially deceptive political media.
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In effect
Utah S.B. 131 (AI-generated political ads must say 'generated by AI')
Utah · Effective 2024-05-01 · Utah Laws 2024, S.B. 131; Utah Code 20A-11-1104, 76-3-203.18
Utah requires political audio and video communications that contain AI-generated 'synthetic media' to carry a clear disclosure that the content was made with AI. The rule covers paid communications meant to influence voting for or against a candidate or ballot proposition, and specifies the exact disclosure wording for audio, image, and video. A person can sue the creator or sponsor, and a court may impose a civil penalty of up to $1,000 per violation.
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In effect
New York AIDPA (AI deepfake political media must be disclosed)
New York · Effective 2024-04-20 · N.Y. Election Law 14-106; L. 2024, ch. 58, pt. MM
If someone knowingly puts out a political ad or message that contains AI-generated or otherwise materially deceptive media (such as a deepfake of a candidate), they must include a clear disclaimer saying the content has been manipulated. A candidate harmed by an undisclosed deepfake can ask a court to stop it.
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In effect
New York AIDPA (privacy right covers AI-made likeness & voice)
New York · Effective 2024-04-20 · N.Y. Civil Rights Law 50, 51; L. 2024, ch. 58, pt. MM
New York's long-standing right-of-privacy law bars using a person's name, picture, likeness, or voice for ads or trade without written consent. This amendment made clear that protection also covers a picture, likeness, or voice that was created or altered by AI or other digitization, so AI-generated deepfakes of a person fall under the same rule.
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In effect
WI AI CSAM Law
Wisconsin · Effective 2024-03-28 · 2023 Wis. Act 224 (SB 314); Wis. Stat. § 948.12
Wisconsin criminalized AI-generated and virtual child sexual abuse material — even where no real child was involved. Possession, production, or distribution of AI imagery appearing to depict a minor in sexually explicit conduct is a Class D felony carrying up to 25 years.
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In effect
Oregon SB 1571 (campaign ads must disclose AI/synthetic media)
Oregon · Effective 2024-03-27 · 2024 Or. Laws ch. 62 (SB 1571)
Oregon requires campaign communications that use synthetic media (an AI-generated or AI-manipulated image, audio, or video depicting a person's voice or likeness) to carry a disclosure telling viewers the content was altered or created with artificial intelligence. The Secretary of State (or the Attorney General when the Secretary of State race is involved) can go to court to stop a non-compliant communication. Violators can face a civil penalty.
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In effect
ID FAIR Elections Act
Idaho · Effective 2024-03-25 · Idaho HB 664, 67th Leg., 2nd Reg. Sess. (2024), signed Mar. 25, 2024
Idaho's FAIR Elections Act requires disclosure when AI-generated synthetic audio or video is used in election campaign materials and prohibits deceptive deepfakes in electioneering communications. Candidates falsely depicted can seek injunctive relief and civil damages.
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In effect
WI AI Election Disclosure Law
Wisconsin · Effective 2024-03-22 · 2023 Wis. Act 123; Wis. Stat. ch. 11
Wisconsin requires political communications paid for by campaigns, PACs, or parties to carry a clear 'Contains content generated by AI' disclosure if they include synthetic media. Violations carry up to $1,000 per offense via the Ethics Commission.
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In effect
ID Synthetic NCII Law
Idaho · Effective 2024-03-19 · Idaho HB 575, 67th Leg., 2nd Reg. Sess. (2024), signed Mar. 19, 2024
Idaho makes it a crime to knowingly disclose explicit synthetic media — AI-generated or digitally manipulated intimate imagery — of an identifiable person when the person did not consent and disclosure is likely to cause substantial emotional distress. This was Idaho's first law specifically targeting AI-generated revenge porn.
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In effect
MI SOS Deepfake Election Policy
MI · Effective 2024-02-13 · Mich. Comp. Laws § 168.932f, enacted by P.A. 265 of 2023
Michigan's Secretary of State adopted a statewide response plan for AI-generated deepfake election content, coordinating with Michigan Cyber Command and Michigan State Police. Local clerks have standardized procedures for documenting and escalating AI deepfake incidents.
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In effect
Michigan Election Deepfake Law
Michigan · Effective 2024-02-13 · 2023 Mich. Pub. Acts 263–266; MCL 169.259
Michigan requires clear AI-disclosure disclaimers on political ads created substantially with AI, and separately bans distributing materially deceptive media to influence an election within 90 days of a vote. Distributing election deepfakes without disclosure is a felony punishable by up to five years.
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In effect
SD AI CSAM Law
South Dakota · Effective 2024-02-13 · 2024 SD SB 79
South Dakota expanded its child pornography statutes to explicitly cover AI-generated and deepfake sexual imagery involving minors — including fully synthetic images where no real child was used.
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In effect
Michigan HB 5141 (AI political-ad disclaimer)
Michigan · Effective 2024-02-13 · 2023 Mich. Pub. Act 263 (HB 5141), amending the Michigan Campaign Finance Act
Michigan amended its Campaign Finance Act so that a political advertisement created in whole or substantially through artificial intelligence must carry a clear statement disclosing that AI was used. The rule reaches print, audio, and video messages relating to candidates, elections, or ballot questions in the state. The Secretary of State sets the size and placement standards for the required disclaimer, with limited exemptions for items too small to label.
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In effect
New York S1042A (bans sharing deepfake intimate images)
New York · Effective 2023-11-28 · N.Y. Penal Law 245.15; L. 2023, ch. 513 (S1042A)
New York made it a crime to share or post fake nude or sexual images of a person without their consent, even when the image was generated or altered by computer (a deepfake), as long as the person shown can be reasonably identified. This brought AI-made intimate images under the state's existing revenge-porn crime.
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In effect
TX HB 2700 — AI/Altered CSAM
Texas · Effective 2023-09-01 · Tex. Penal Code (child sexual abuse material provisions) (HB 2700, 88th Leg., R.S. (2023))
This Texas law updates the state's child sexual abuse material (CSAM) statutes so they clearly reach images that have been digitally altered or created with computer software, including generative AI, when the image depicts a real, identifiable child. The point is to close a loophole: even if a sexual image of a child was fabricated or edited rather than photographed, it can still be prosecuted under existing child-pornography offenses. The existing criminal penalties for those offenses continue to apply.
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In effect
TX SB 1361 — Deepfake Intimate Video
Texas · Effective 2023-09-01 · Tex. Penal Code Sec. 21.165 (SB 1361, 88th Leg., R.S. (2023))
This law makes it a crime in Texas to create or share a deepfake video that falsely shows a real person with their intimate parts exposed or engaged in sexual conduct, when that person did not consent. It targets AI-generated or digitally fabricated sexual videos of identifiable people. A violation is a Class A misdemeanor.
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Blocked / in litigation
MN HF 1370 (partially enjoined)
MN · Effective 2023-08-01 · Minn. Stat. ch. 58 (2023); Kohls v. Ellison, No. 0:24-cv-03754 (D. Minn.)
Minnesota HF 1370 criminalized election deepfakes (it remains in effect for non-consensual intimate imagery). The election-deepfake portions were challenged in Kohls v. Ellison (D. Minn. No. 0:24-cv-03754). The district court denied the preliminary injunction on January 10, 2025, and the Eighth Circuit upheld that denial on appeal. The law is currently in effect pending further litigation.
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In effect
MN Deepfake Law
Minnesota · Effective 2023-08-01 · 2023 Minn. Laws ch. 58 (HF 1370); Minn. Stat. §§ 617.261, 211B.16
Minnesota criminalized two kinds of AI deepfakes in 2023: nonconsensual intimate deepfakes of anyone, and election deepfakes of candidates distributed within 90 days of an election without consent. Victims of intimate deepfakes can also sue. X Corp. has challenged the election provision in court.
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In effect
LA Unlawful Deepfakes Law
Louisiana · Effective 2023-08-01 · 2023 La. Acts No. 175; La. R.S. 14:73.13
Louisiana's deepfake law carries some of the harshest penalties in the nation: creating or possessing sexual deepfakes of minors brings 5–20 years at hard labor; distributing them brings 10–30 years and up to $50,000. It also criminalizes nonconsensual sexual deepfakes of adults. Prosecutors have already charged people under it.
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In effect
SB 5152 (Election Synthetic Media)
Washington · Effective 2023-07-23 · RCW ch. 42.62 (SB 5152, 2023)
Election ads in Washington that use AI-manipulated or synthetic depictions of candidates must disclose it. Candidates harmed by undisclosed synthetic media can sue for damages and injunctive relief.
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In effect
GA Synthetic NCII Transmission Law
Georgia · Effective 2022-05-02 · O.C.G.A. Sec. 16-11-90
Georgia makes it a crime to electronically send or post a nude or sexually explicit image of an identifiable adult without that person's consent when the purpose is to harass or cause financial harm. The statute expressly reaches a 'falsely created' video or still image, meaning synthetic or deepfake depictions are treated the same as real photographs. Posting such material to certain explicit websites is punished more harshly than other electronic transmission.
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In effect
HI SB 309 (deepfake intimate-image crime)
Hawaii · Effective 2021-06-23 · Haw. SB 309 (2021), Act 59; HRS Sec. 711-1110.9
Hawaii expanded its first-degree violation-of-privacy crime to cover deepfake-style imagery. It is now an offense to intentionally create or disclose a nude or sexually explicit image or video of a 'composite fictitious person' that includes the recognizable features of a real, identifiable individual so that it appears to show that real person, when done with intent to substantially harm them or as revenge. The crime is a class C felony.
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In effect
AB 602 (Deepfake Intimate Images)
California · Effective 2020-01-01 · Cal. Civ. Code § 1708.86 (AB 602, 2019); Cal. Penal Code § 647(j)(4)
Californians depicted in sexually explicit deepfakes made or shared without their consent can sue the people responsible for damages, including statutory damages and attorney's fees. Criminal liability also exists under separate provisions (SB 926, 2024).
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In effect
TX SB 751 (2019, first state election deepfake law)
TX · Effective 2019-09-01 · Tex. Elec. Code § 255.004 (as amended by SB 751, 86th Leg. R.S. 2019)
Texas SB 751 (signed June 14, 2019) was the first U.S. state law making it a crime to create or distribute election deepfakes. Criminalizes creating/publishing/distributing a deepfake video with intent to injure a candidate or influence an election within 30 days of an election; Class A misdemeanor (up to 1 year jail and $4,000 fine). Still in effect 2026.
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In effect
Virginia HB 2678 (deepfake nude/explicit images become a crime)
Virginia · Effective 2019-07-01 · Va. Code 18.2-386.2; HB 2678 (2019), Va. Acts cc. 490, 515
Virginia made it a crime to share or sell a fabricated nude or sexually explicit image of a real, identifiable person without their consent. The 2019 amendment covered 'deepfakes' and other doctored media: it no longer matters that the explicit image was synthesized or altered, only that it depicts an actual person who is recognizable. Doing so with intent to coerce, harass, or intimidate is a Class 1 misdemeanor.
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Vetoed
Arizona HB 2133 deepfake sexual content — vetoed 2026
Arizona · Ariz. H.B. 2133, 57th Leg., 2d Reg. Sess. (2026) — vetoed June 19, 2026
Arizona HB 2133 would have amended the state's existing unlawful-image-disclosure statute to include 'synthetic depictions' — AI-generated images of nudity or sexual activity — and would have required websites hosting sexual material to verify that each depicted person consented and was of legal age. The Senate approved a reconciled conference bill 16-12 on June 9, 2026 and the House passed 35-20. Gov. Hobbs vetoed it on June 19, writing that the bill had 'a chilling effect on free speech' and would violate First Amendment rights to engage in satirical discourse about elected officials, and that existing Arizona law and the federal TAKE IT DOWN Act already address AI-generated revenge porn.
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In effect
MT Election Deepfake Law
Montana · Mont. SB 25, 69th Leg., 2025 Reg. Sess.; enrolled bill: legiscan.com/MT/text/SB25/id/3212547
Montana prohibits unlabeled deepfakes in election and electioneering communications within 60 days of an election. If AI-generated media is labeled as such, it is permitted. Candidates falsely depicted can obtain court injunctions, the Commissioner of Political Practices can investigate and impose fines, and repeat offenders face criminal prosecution.
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Blocked / in litigation
Hawaii Election Deepfake Law (blocked)
Hawaii · 2024 HI Sess. Laws Act 191 (SB 2687); D. Haw. permanent injunction Jan. 30, 2026
Hawaii enacted a law in 2024 prohibiting materially deceptive AI-generated media of candidates near elections — but a federal court permanently enjoined it on January 30, 2026, finding it violated the First Amendment. The law remains on the books but is currently unenforceable.
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In effect
WV Fabricated Intimate Images Law
West Virginia · WV Code § 61-8-28a; WV Code § 55-20
West Virginia's intimate-images law explicitly covers AI-generated 'fabricated intimate images' — images created with AI or computer technology depicting someone's intimate parts. Disclosure or threats to disclose with intent to harass or coerce is a misdemeanor (first offense) and felony for repeats, with civil remedies under a separate uniform act.
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Proposed / pending
Missouri Deepfake & Digital Media Protection Act
Missouri · HB 1887, 103rd General Assembly, 2nd Regular Session (2026)
Would make it a felony to share or threaten to share AI-generated or digitally altered intimate depictions of a person without consent, with up to four years imprisonment for a first offense and up to ten years if the depicted person is a minor. Online platforms would be required to establish takedown mechanisms for nonconsensual intimate deepfakes by end of 2026. Social media age-verification and parental-consent requirements for minors under 16 are also included.
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Proposed / pending
New York Deepfake Harassment and NCII Civil Action Act
New York · S 6278, New York Legislature, 2025-2026 Session
Would create the new crime of aggravated harassment by electronic or digital communication when a person disseminates a deepfake—a digitally altered image incorporating someone's face or body onto pornographic or lewd content—without consent. Would also establish a private right of action for victims to sue for damages. Assembly companion bill is A 6293.
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Proposed / pending
New York Deepfake Harassment and NCII Civil Action Act (Assembly)
New York · A 6293, New York Legislature, 2025-2026 Session
Assembly companion to S 6278. Would create the new crime of aggravated harassment via deepfake dissemination and establish a private right of action for victims. Addresses digitally altered images incorporating a person's face or identifiable body part onto pornographic, lewd, or violently graphic content distributed without consent.
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Proposed / pending
North Carolina AI Regulatory Reform Act (Deepfake/NCII Provisions)
North Carolina · H 934, North Carolina General Assembly, 2025-2026 Regular Session
Would criminalize the creation or distribution of deepfakes—digitally altered or AI-generated images, audio, or video falsely depicting a real person—when done with intent to harass, extort, threaten, or cause harm. A first offense would be a Class 1 misdemeanor. Victims could seek civil damages up to $10,000 per incident. The bill also provides liability shields for AI developers when their products are misused by professionals.
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Proposed / pending
PR P. de la C. 877 (Deepfake Attacks)
Puerto Rico · P. de la C. 877 (19th Leg. Assembly)
House bill establishing a reporting and remedies process for political candidates targeted by AI-generated attack ads or deepfake disinformation. Public hearing March 10, 2025; no further action since.
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Proposed / pending
Guam Bill 171-38 (NCII / Deepfakes)
Guam · Bill 171-38 (COR), 38th Guam Leg.
Bill criminalizing creating, possessing, disclosing, or threatening to disclose nonconsensual intimate depictions — including AI-generated deepfakes. Third-degree felony baseline; escalates if the subject is a minor, for financial gain/extortion, or against 5+ victims. Public hearing October 15, 2025.
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Proposed / pending
PR P. del S. 760 (AI Deepfake NCII)
Puerto Rico · P. del S. 760 (19th Leg. Assembly)
Puerto Rico Senate bill amending the island's anti-revenge-pornography law (Law 21 of 2021) to make AI-generated nonconsensual intimate imagery (deepfake NCII) a crime. Unauthorized disclosure is a serious felony carrying a fixed 3-year prison sentence (up to 8 years with aggravating circumstances); threats to disclose are a lesser offense. Senate-approved; pending House Judiciary Commission hearing as of mid-2026.
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Expired
CA AB 730 (2019, expired)
CA · Effective 2020-01-01 · Cal. AB 730 (2019), former Cal. Elec. Code §§ 20010-20012 — expired Jan. 1, 2023
California AB 730 (Berman, 2019) was the first California law criminalizing materially deceptive election deepfakes within 60 days of an election. The statute included a sunset clause and expired on January 1, 2023 — replaced and expanded by AB 2655 / AB 2839 / AB 2355 in 2024 (both AB 2655 and AB 2839 were subsequently enjoined).
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Expired
AK SB 177 — AI deepfakes / cybersecurity / data privacy (dead, 2024)
Alaska · AK SB 177 (33rd Alaska Legislature, 2023-2024)
A 2023-2024 Alaska Senate bill that would have required disclosure of AI-generated deepfakes in campaign communications and addressed state cybersecurity and data privacy. It died without passing: the 33rd Alaska Legislature adjourned on May 15, 2024 with the bill still stuck in Senate committee referrals (Judiciary, then Finance). This entry is kept only as a historical record of a dead bill — it is NOT a law in effect and does not protect anyone today. The same subject matter is being pursued in the current 34th Legislature as AK SB 2.
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Expired
AK HB 358 — deepfake defamation / electioneering (dead, 2024)
Alaska · AK HB 358 (33rd Alaska Legislature, 2023-2024)
A 2023-2024 Alaska House bill that would have created defamation claims based on the use of deepfakes and regulated the use of deepfakes in electioneering communications. It passed the House but died without becoming law: the 33rd Alaska Legislature adjourned on May 15, 2024 with the bill stalled in the Senate Rules Committee. This entry is kept only as a historical record of a dead bill — it is NOT a law in effect and does not protect anyone today. The same subject matter is being pursued in the current 34th Legislature as AK SB 33.
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Expired
CT SB 2 (died)
CT · Conn. SB 2 (2024 Reg. Sess.) — died in House
Connecticut SB 2 was a comprehensive AI bill mirroring Colorado SB24-205. Passed the Senate in 2024 but was never called for a House vote after Governor Lamont opposition over potential business impact.
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Expired
CA AB 3211 (died)
CA · Cal. AB 3211 (2023-24 Reg. Sess.) — died on suspense
California AB 3211 would have required watermarking and provenance metadata on generative AI outputs from large model providers. Died on the Senate Appropriations suspense file in August 2024.
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Vetoed
FL HB 919 (partially vetoed)
FL · Fla. HB 919 (2024) — signed April 26, 2024; effective July 1, 2024
Florida HB 919 requires disclaimers on AI-generated political ads. Governor DeSantis signed the bill on April 26, 2024; it became effective July 1, 2024. It was NOT vetoed.
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Expired
Missouri Taylor Swift Act (SB 1117)
Missouri · SB 1117, 103rd General Assembly, 2nd Regular Session (2026)
Would establish civil and criminal liability for creating or sharing nonconsensual intimate digital depictions, including AI-generated deepfakes. Known informally as the 'Taylor Swift Act' following the 2024 viral spread of AI-generated intimate images of the artist. Felony charges apply for first offenses, with enhanced penalties when the depicted person is a minor.
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Expired
Alaska AI-CSAM and Deepfake Criminalization Act
Alaska · HB 47, 34th Alaska Legislature (2025-2026)
Would create new Class B felony offenses for distributing AI-generated child sexual abuse material, upgradeable to Class A felony for repeat offenders, and a Class C felony for possession, while removing the statute of limitations for CSAM distribution charges. Would levy civil penalties of up to $1 million per instance against AI organizations that enable users to create AI-generated CSAM. Also establishes a Class A misdemeanor for harassing or threatening someone using a digitally forged likeness.